Trademark Registration in Washington

State of Washington — State Trademark Registration, Federal USPTO Coordination, Brand Ownership, Classification and Enforcement Context

Trademark registration in Washington is the structured state-level function through which businesses and rights holders that have adopted and are using a trademark in Washington may register the mark with the Washington Secretary of State. The state route can establish a public Washington registration record and support local brand administration, but it is not a substitute for federal registration through the United States Patent and Trademark Office where the business needs federal rights, interstate coverage or a broader national portfolio position.

Operationally, Washington state registration begins with an actual-use analysis. The applicant must identify the correct owner, determine how the mark is used in Washington commerce, choose the relevant classification or classifications, provide a clear representation of the mark and submit specimens or facsimiles showing the mark as actually used. A separate specimen is required for each classification selected, and any sample must correspond to the description and show the mark exactly as described.

The Washington state system therefore functions as one component of a wider brand protection architecture. It sits alongside common-law use-based rights, federal USPTO registration, domain and digital identity planning, contractual ownership discipline and future enforcement readiness. A Washington registration has practical relevance within the state, but a business operating across state lines normally needs to assess federal protection in parallel.

For international business readers, Washington is commercially significant because of its concentration in technology, cloud services, e-commerce, aerospace, advanced manufacturing, consumer brands, agriculture, logistics and Pacific Rim trade. The key question is not simply whether a Washington filing is available, but when a local state registration is commercially useful and how it should be coordinated with a federal United States trademark strategy.

Home → United States → Washington → Registry Object Registry Object • Washington State Trademark Registration • Federal USPTO Coordination • Registered Expert
Registry Classification
  • Intellectual Property.
  • Washington State Trademark Registration.
  • Administrative, Legal and Commercial Coordination.
  • State, Federal and Cross-Border Relevance.
Institutional Structure
  • State registration via Washington Secretary of State.
  • Actual Washington use and specimens required.
  • Routine, expedited and same-day processing options.
  • Federal option via USPTO remains separate.
Commercial Utility
  • Supports Washington market entry and local operations.
  • Creates a state-level public registration record.
  • Complements federal trademark planning where appropriate.
  • Helps structure local brand ownership and enforcement readiness.

Identity & Registry Metadata

This section records the identity of the Registry Object and sets its functional boundaries at the highest level. The purpose is to define Washington trademark registration as a practical state-level legal and commercial protection discipline rather than as a generic branding topic or a short-form filing note.

DefinitionThe structured legal and administrative function through which a trademark adopted and used in Washington is assessed, filed, registered, maintained and defended through the Washington Secretary of State state registration system.
ObjectTrademark Registration
Object TypeWashington State Trademark Registration Function
ClassificationIntellectual Property — State Trademark Registration — Portfolio Management — Federal Coordination
JurisdictionState of Washington with federal United States and international relevance where applicable
This identity layer treats the object as a state-specific operating function with legal, administrative and commercial consequences.

Executive Summary

Trademark registration in Washington is the professional function through which businesses and rights holders may seek state registration for a mark already used to identify goods or services in Washington. The function is commercially important because a publicly recorded Washington registration can support local brand administration, make ownership and use more visible and contribute to a broader enforcement-ready portfolio.

In practice, a Washington registration is not merely a form to be filed after a business creates a logo or name. The applicant must determine whether the mark is in actual state use, which entity should own the filing, which classification or classifications apply, whether the mark is correctly described and whether the submitted sample for each class genuinely shows the mark in commercial use.

The state legal and administrative framework should be read together with federal trademark law. A Washington state registration is territorial and administrative in nature; it does not itself create the nationwide advantages associated with a federal USPTO Principal Register registration. For businesses operating interstate, online across the United States, through licensing, distribution or national sales channels, the federal route generally remains central to the brand architecture.

Washington nevertheless has substantial standalone commercial relevance. Its concentration of technology, e-commerce, cloud infrastructure, aerospace, retail, consumer products, agricultural brands and export businesses means that Washington state registration can be an appropriate local layer for businesses whose actual current use is concentrated in the state or whose federal filing strategy is still being developed.

Definition

This section defines the object more precisely and distinguishes it from adjacent commercial and creative activities. The aim is to show where Washington state trademark registration begins and where related but different professional functions take over.

Covered MattersState availability review, actual-use verification, mark selection from a legal perspective, ownership verification, Washington classification selection, state filing, specimen review, renewal, assignment recordal, reservation, federal route comparison and local enforcement preparation.
Functional BoundaryThe Registry Object covers how businesses and rights holders seek, secure, structure and maintain Washington state trademark registration through the Washington Secretary of State.
Related but Not PrimaryFederal USPTO filing, common-law rights outside Washington, brand strategy, marketing, visual identity design, domain portfolio management, copyright review, design protection, licensing work and broader commercial positioning may connect to the topic but are not the primary object here.
Outside ScopeGeneric naming support, advertising execution, promotional campaigns, non-legal brand development and informal commercial messaging without state registration or protection relevance.
Washington state registration is treated here as a state-specific legal registration discipline, not as a replacement for federal trademark protection.

Scope

The scope of trademark registration in Washington extends from pre-filing analysis to post-registration administration. It includes the business work required to identify the correct sign, define ownership, confirm actual use in Washington, choose the proper classifications and later preserve the usefulness of the registration through renewal, assignment recordal, reservation and portfolio control.

Scope matters because a Washington filing can succeed administratively while still failing strategically. A mark may be registered by the wrong group entity, filed under unsuitable class coverage, supported by weak specimens or treated as if it delivers federal nationwide protection. In those situations, the business receives a state filing result without securing a fully coherent national brand protection position.

Actual Washington UseOwnership ReviewSpecimen DisciplineFederal Route ReviewState RenewalEnforcement Preparation

Purpose

The purpose of the Washington state trademark registration function is to convert a sign already used in Washington commerce into a state-recognised and commercially usable registration record. It exists to support local market distinction, reduce avoidable local conflict risk and create a more stable basis for Washington-focused branding, licensing, growth and later enforcement action where required.

In a wider sense, the function also serves as a governance mechanism. It forces the business to verify use, clarify ownership, define actual commercial scope and compare state-level protection with the need for federal USPTO registration rather than relying on informal use or business-name registration alone.

Primary Outcome

A coherent Washington state trademark position usually results in a mark that is properly selected, actually used in Washington, owned by the correct entity, filed with appropriate classification coverage, supported by valid specimens and integrated into an organised state and federal brand protection strategy. The real outcome is not the state filing confirmation alone, but a functioning legal and commercial position that supports local use, control and later defence.

Request Contexts

Request contexts show the situations in which Washington state trademark registration work is usually activated. They are useful because they reveal the business events that transform a sign from a branding idea into a state-level legal protection problem that requires structured action.

Identity PatternWashington startup launching a local brand, technology or cloud-services company, e-commerce seller, consumer-products business, aerospace or manufacturing operator, agricultural producer, local retailer, professional services firm or corporate group restructuring ownership of marks.
Business EventProduct launch, service rollout, Washington market entry, local distribution expansion, investor due diligence, licensing preparation, acquisition integration, internal brand migration or concern about future conflict with similar signs.
Typical UserFounders, business owners, local operators, in-house legal teams, trademark attorneys, brand managers, portfolio managers, foreign parent companies and rights holders with material Washington market relevance.
Typical ScenarioA company already using a mark in Washington wants a state registration record, wants to compare Washington state and federal USPTO options, wants to correct ownership structure before investment or wants to align its Washington registration with a broader national portfolio.

Typical Users

Typical users rely on the Washington state trademark registration function for different commercial reasons, and those reasons influence the complexity of the work. Some users need a straightforward state filing for an existing local mark, while others need federal route comparison, ownership restructuring or broader national coordination.

Washington Entrepreneur / Business OwnerNeeds to secure a commercially important name or logo already in use in Washington and avoid building growth on a weak or undocumented sign.
Technology / E-Commerce Brand OwnerNeeds a state-recognised mark that supports distinction, local continuity, licensing, investment and conflict management in Washington.
In-house Legal or IP TeamNeeds consistency across state filings, federal applications, ownership records, portfolio entries and future enforcement preparation.
Foreign Parent CompanyNeeds to determine whether Washington state registration is relevant as a local layer, or whether federal USPTO protection should be the primary route for United States activity.

Typical Scenarios

Typical scenarios help transform abstract trademark theory into practical registry understanding. They show how state filing questions appear inside real commercial situations and why the correct route often depends on actual use, ownership and territorial ambition.

Local Use ProtectionA Washington business already uses a mark in state commerce and wants a state-level registration record tied to actual local use.
Federal Route ComparisonA business must determine whether Washington state registration is sufficient for its current local operations or whether interstate commerce and growth plans require federal USPTO filing.
Technology or E-Commerce PortfolioA technology, cloud, e-commerce or consumer-brand business strengthens its mark before product launch, venture investment, distribution, licensing or transaction activity.
Ownership RationalisationA corporate group reviews whether the current or intended applicant is the correct long-term owner for state and federal portfolio control.
Conflict PreventionA rights holder files early and coherently to reduce future uncertainty around similar signs, local market overlap or brand confusion.

State Characteristics

State characteristics matter because Washington trademark registration is shaped not only by state procedure but also by the state's technology, e-commerce, aerospace, logistics, agriculture and Pacific Rim trade environment. Seattle and the wider Puget Sound economy give the jurisdiction particular relevance for software, cloud, consumer brands, digital commerce and cross-border business activity.

Operational CultureWashington state trademark registration is documentation-oriented, use-based and administered by the Secretary of State's Corporations and Charities Division through prescribed registration, renewal, assignment and reservation procedures.
Legal Framework OrientationThe Washington route is a state registration path that operates alongside federal USPTO registration and common-law rights. It should be assessed as a supplement or local alternative, not as an automatic substitute for federal protection.
Commercial ContextTechnology, cloud services, e-commerce, aerospace, logistics, consumer goods, agriculture, retail and export activity make state and federal trademark planning commercially significant.
Language ExpectationEnglish is the formal administrative language, while Washington's Pacific Rim trade links and diverse commercial environment can make other language forms relevant in wider brand planning.

Key Authorities

The authority layer explains which public institutions and systems actually shape trademark registration in Washington. This matters because businesses often need to decide not only whether to file, but whether state and federal routes should interact inside one portfolio structure.

Official NameWashington Secretary of State — Corporations and Charities Division
Official English NameWashington Secretary of State, Corporations and Charities Division
Primary RolePrincipal state authority responsible for Washington trademark registration, renewal, assignment, reservation and related state recordkeeping.
ResponsibilitiesAdministers Washington trademark registration under Chapter 19.77 RCW, renewals, assignments, trademark reservations, corrections, amendments and associated records services.
Typical InteractionTrademark registration application, class selection, specimen submission, renewal, assignment recordal, reservation, correction, amendment and fee payment.
Official Websitesos.wa.gov
Cross-Border RelevanceRelevant where a business has actual Washington use and needs a state registration record, while broader interstate protection is evaluated separately through USPTO.
Official NameWashington Secretary of State — Corporations and Charities Filing Services
Official English NameWashington Corporations and Charities Filing Services
Primary RoleState filing and forms channel for Washington trademark registration, renewal and related records services.
ResponsibilitiesProvides current trademark registration and renewal forms, filing instructions, fee schedules and priority-service information.
Typical InteractionForm download, submission by mail or in person, fee review, expedited-service request and renewal preparation.
Official Websitesos.wa.gov
Cross-Border RelevanceRelevant to local and foreign businesses with genuine Washington use seeking state-level registration.
Official NameUnited States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
Official English NameUnited States Patent and Trademark Office
Primary RoleFederal authority responsible for United States federal trademark registration.
ResponsibilitiesAdministers federal trademark applications, examination, publication, registration, maintenance and related proceedings.
Typical InteractionFederal route comparison, interstate-commerce filing, Principal Register protection, national portfolio planning and federal enforcement readiness.
Official Websiteuspto.gov
Cross-Border RelevanceCentral where Washington commercial activity extends across state lines, nationally or internationally.

Applicable Legislation

The legislation layer identifies the principal rule systems that shape Washington state trademark registration. Those rules matter because the value of a registration depends not only on business preference, but also on state eligibility criteria, actual-use requirements, classification coverage and the relationship between Washington and federal rights.

Official TitleRevised Code of Washington, Chapter 19.77 — Trademark Registration
YearCurrent Washington statutory framework, as amended
PurposeGoverns Washington state trademark registration, actual-use requirements, renewal, assignment, correction, amendment, reservation and related administration.
Typical ApplicationUsed for Washington state trademark registration, specimen requirements, renewal, assignment and interpretation of the state registration framework.
Related LegislationWashington Administrative Code Chapter 434-12, Secretary of State fee rules and federal Lanham Act rules where broader protection is pursued.
Official SourceWashington State Legislature and Washington Secretary of State.
Current StatusIn force, subject to amendment.
Official TitleLanham Act — Federal Trademark Act
Year1946, as amended
PurposeCore federal United States framework governing federal trademark registration and related rights.
Typical ApplicationRelevant where a Washington business compares state registration with federal USPTO filing, operates interstate or builds a nationwide trademark portfolio.
Related LegislationWashington state trademark law and USPTO procedural rules.
Official SourceUSPTO and United States Code.
Current StatusIn force, subject to amendment.

Process Flow

The process flow explains how Washington state trademark registration usually develops from sign selection to post-registration control. It matters because registration is not a single-step act but an operating sequence in which early decisions about ownership, actual use, class selection and federal route selection often determine the long-term usefulness of the final right.

1. Sign IdentificationIdentify the exact word mark, logo or design mark to be protected and determine how it functions in actual Washington trade.
2. Ownership ReviewConfirm which entity or individual should own the application, including whether founders, agencies, subsidiaries, parent companies or group structures affect title.
3. Actual Use and Availability ReviewConfirm that the mark is adopted and used in Washington, review relevant state and federal records and assess whether USPTO records and marketplace use create material conflict risk.
4. Classification and Route SelectionSelect the appropriate Washington classification or classifications and decide whether state registration, federal USPTO registration or coordinated use of both routes best matches the business footprint.
5. Documentation and ApplicationPrepare the mark representation, applicant information, first-use details, class information, specimens for each class and other materials required for the Washington filing.
6. State Review and RegistrationThe Secretary of State reviews the submission for statutory compliance. If the registration meets requirements, the state certificate is issued and becomes a public record.
7. Renewal and Portfolio CoordinationMonitor the five-year registration term, six-month pre-expiry renewal window, continued Washington use, ownership continuity and the continuing need for federal USPTO protection.
Typical OutputsState registration certificate, class record, specimens, first-use records, renewal records, assignment recordals, reservation records and federal-coordination documentation.

Decision Tree

The decision tree simplifies the threshold questions that commonly determine whether Washington state registration is useful and how it should relate to federal protection. It is presented as an operational sequence so that the reader can understand how state filing decisions typically build on one another rather than appearing as isolated legal labels.

1. Identify the word mark, logo or design mark and determine whether it functions as a true brand identifier in Washington trade. 2. Confirm who owns the sign and whether founder, agency, group-company or internal ownership arrangements are complete. 3. Confirm adoption and actual use of the mark in Washington and assemble valid specimens for every classification selected. 4. Search Washington state records and assess relevant federal USPTO and marketplace conflict risk. 5. Select the appropriate classifications and decide whether state registration, federal USPTO registration or both routes are commercially appropriate. 6. File the state application, then align five-year renewal, ownership updates, federal portfolio planning and future enforcement readiness with actual market exposure.

Timeline

The timeline section provides a practical sense of how Washington state trademark registration develops across the commercial life of a sign. The relevant work starts with actual Washington use, continues through state filing and remains connected to renewal, ownership maintenance and federal route review.

Brand CreationA business identifies or develops a new word mark, logo or design mark intended to distinguish goods or services in Washington trade.
Actual Washington UseThe mark is adopted and genuinely used in Washington on goods, packaging, displays, advertising or service materials, creating the factual basis for state filing.
Pre-Filing AnalysisThe sign is assessed for distinctiveness, ownership clarity, conflict risk, classification and state-versus-federal filing value.
Application PreparationThe mark representation, applicant details, first-use information, classification details and acceptable specimens for each selected class are prepared.
State FilingThe application and class-based filing fee are submitted to the Washington Secretary of State by the accepted filing route, with expedited or same-day service requested where appropriate.
State RegistrationIf statutory compliance requirements are met, the Secretary of State issues the registration certificate. Filing documents are public records.
Commercial Use and CoordinationThe mark continues to be used in Washington while the business monitors whether federal USPTO protection is needed for interstate or national activity.
RenewalThe Washington registration is effective for five years and may be renewed during the six months before expiration for another five-year term as to goods or services still in use in Washington.
Ownership and EnforcementThe business records assignments where needed, keeps use records and coordinates state protection with common-law and federal enforcement planning.

Required Documents

Required documents identify the materials normally needed to run Washington state trademark registration in a reliable and commercially sensible way. Documentation quality matters because state registration depends heavily on actual use, ownership clarity, accurate classification and suitable specimens.

Trademark Registration ApplicationIdentifies the applicant, mark, relevant classification or classifications, ownership declaration and required filing details.Required to establish the Washington state application and ownership record.
Mark RepresentationDefines the exact word mark, logo or design mark to be protected and how it is formally presented.Used at the filing stage and must match the mark description and actual use specimens.
First-Use InformationRecords the date and manner of first use of the mark.Required because Washington state registration is based on a mark adopted and used in the state.
Specimens or Facsimiles of Actual UseShows the mark as actually used in commerce in relation to the relevant goods or services.At least one specimen is required for each classification selected; the statute refers to three specimens or facsimiles. Samples must clearly show the mark and correspond to the selected classifications.
Goods or Services ClassificationDefines the classification or classifications relevant to the commercial coverage claimed.Required in every filing; the filing fee applies per classification selected.
Assignment, Correction, Amendment or Renewal FormRecords a later transfer or change, or requests continuation of the state registration.Relevant after registration for ownership changes, corrections, expanded categories or renewal within the six-month pre-expiry period.

Federal & Cross-Border Relevance

Federal and cross-border relevance explains why Washington state trademark registration cannot be understood only as a local filing topic. For many businesses, Washington is one market inside a wider United States or international commercial structure, which means state registration, ownership control and later enforcement planning often need to be coordinated beyond Washington from the beginning.

Federal RelationshipWashington state registration is separate from federal USPTO registration. State registration may support local brand administration but does not itself create federal nationwide registration rights.
Interstate BusinessBusinesses selling, licensing, advertising or distributing across state lines should assess federal USPTO protection as a central part of their brand architecture.
Foreign CompaniesForeign businesses with genuine Washington use may find state registration relevant, but should assess federal registration and wider international strategy based on their real United States commercial footprint.
Language ConsiderationsEnglish controls state filing, while Washington's Pacific Rim trade links and diverse commercial environment can make other language forms relevant to wider brand portfolio planning.
International RulesWashington state registration is a local state route; international trademark coordination normally runs through federal United States and WIPO-related structures rather than through the Washington Secretary of State.
Typical RiskAssuming that Washington state registration alone delivers federal nationwide rights, automatic interstate protection or a complete international trademark position.

Operating Constraints & Risks

Operating constraints identify the recurring limits and failure points that affect Washington state trademark registration in practice. These risks are often strategic and organisational, not merely procedural, which is why a formally correct state filing can still produce a commercially weak outcome.

Actual-Use RiskWashington state registration requires a mark that has been adopted and is used in Washington. A business that has not yet begun state use should not treat the state system as an intent-to-use substitute.
Specimen and Description RiskWeak, altered or non-commercial samples can undermine the filing. Each sample must show the mark exactly as described, demonstrate use in commerce and correspond to the classification selected; colour references for a design mark require a colour sample.
Classification RiskPoorly selected classifications can leave core commercial activity insufficiently reflected in the state record. Each class requires specimen support and a separate fee.
Public-Record RiskAll Washington trademark filing documents are public records. Applicants should review what information and supporting materials are being supplied before submission.
Federal Coverage RiskA Washington filing may be commercially too narrow if the sign is used or intended for use beyond Washington; state registration does not replace a federal USPTO registration strategy.
Renewal and Ownership RiskState registration lasts five years and must be renewed before expiry for goods or services still in use in Washington. Neglected renewal dates, unrecorded assignments or weak ownership records can reduce the practical usefulness of the registration.

Costs & Fees

The cost profile of Washington state trademark registration is shaped by more than the initial filing charge. Resource demand depends on the number of classifications, specimen preparation, ownership analysis, priority service, federal route comparison and later renewal or assignment recordal needs.

Official Filing CostsWashington trademark registration costs 55 USD per classification selected. The filing fee is non-refundable.
Classification LogicA separate 55 USD filing fee applies to each classification selected. A mark covering multiple classifications has a correspondingly higher state fee and requires specimen support for each classification.
Renewal FeeRenewal costs 50 USD per classification. The registration is effective for five years and may be renewed during the six months before expiration for another five-year term for goods or services still in use in Washington.
Priority ServicesExpedited processing costs an additional 100 USD. The Secretary of State indicates routine processing of approximately 5 to 7 business days and expedited processing of approximately 1 to 2 business days; same-day service is available for an additional 150 USD where eligible.
Assignment and Other ServicesRecording an assignment costs 10 USD. A new certificate costs 5 USD and reservation of a trademark costs 30 USD.
Preparation and Advisory WorkAvailability review, actual-use verification, specimen review, ownership analysis, class planning and federal USPTO route comparison can increase professional time requirements.

FAQ

Can a Business Register a Trademark in Washington?Yes. A person who has adopted and is using a trademark in Washington may seek state registration through the Washington Secretary of State.
Does Washington State Registration Replace Federal USPTO Registration?No. Washington state registration is separate from federal USPTO registration and does not itself provide federal nationwide registration rights.
Must the Mark Already Be Used in Washington?Yes. The state system applies to a mark that has been adopted and is in use in Washington, supported by specimens or facsimiles showing actual use.
How Long Does Washington State Registration Last?The registration is effective for five years and may be renewed during the six months before expiry for successive five-year terms for goods or services still in use in Washington.
Can Priority Service Be Requested?Yes. The Secretary of State offers expedited processing for an additional 100 USD and eligible same-day processing for an additional 150 USD.

Practical Guidance

Practical guidance helps the reader prepare before state filing or before seeking professional trademark support. The aim is to identify the factual and strategic questions that usually determine whether a Washington state trademark position will later be usable, coherent and commercially defensible.

ChecklistWhat is the exact word mark, logo or design mark to be protected? Has the mark been adopted and genuinely used in Washington? Who owns the mark today and who should own it long term? Are first-use details accurate? Are valid specimens available for every classification selected? Do specimens show the mark exactly as described and, for colour design marks, in the described colour? Which classifications match actual commercial use? Does the business sell, advertise, license or distribute beyond Washington? Would federal USPTO protection be strategically necessary? Are assignments, licences, internal approvals and group ownership records aligned? Is routine processing sufficient or is priority service genuinely needed? Is there a realistic plan for five-year renewal, ownership updates, public-record awareness, use records and conflict response?
A business that can answer these questions clearly is usually in a stronger position to file efficiently, structure the state right coherently and use the resulting registration as a real strategic asset rather than a paper formality.

Registered Expert

The Registered Expert section records the status of the registry position associated with this object and remains separate from the editorial explanation. It is designed to preserve the reference-publication character of the page while still maintaining the registry's structured participation layer.

Registry Position IDRE-US-WA-TM-001
Registry PositionRegistered Expert Trademark Registration Washington
Registry AvailabilityOpen
Verification StatusNo verified participant currently assigned to this registry position.
CoverageWashington state trademark registration with federal United States and cross-border business relevance.
Registry ReferenceITR-US-WA-TM-001-A Registered Expert Position
Contact InformationRegistry position not yet assigned.

Machine Layer

This section contains machine-oriented registry fields retained for indexing, retrieval, internal organisation and future rendering control. It remains editorially separate from the substantive handbook content while preserving structured retrieval value in the HTML source.

Object DNAtrademark-registration washington state-trademark washington-secretary-state corporations-charities federal-uspto actual-use specimens classification renewal assignment reservation cross-border
AI Retrieval SummaryNeutral registry object describing Washington state trademark registration through the Washington Secretary of State, including actual-use requirements, classification-specific specimens, five-year renewal, assignment, trademark reservation, priority services and coordination with federal USPTO protection.
Entity IndexWashington Trademark Registration Washington Secretary of State Corporations and Charities Division RCW 19.77 USPTO Federal Trademark Brand Protection Filing Registration Renewal
Machine MetadataRegistry rendering layer https://international-trademark.org/css/registry.css — Object ID US.WA.TM.001 — Machine Reference ITR-US-WA-TM-001-A — Internal Classification Business > Intellectual Property > Trademark > State Registration > Washington — Checksum 0xTM551USWA
Internal ReferencesRegistry Object — United States Node — Washington State Node — Editorial Record — Registered Expert Position — Machine-readable Reference Node